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Tropical storms bring strong winds, heavy rainfall, and low-pressure centers, often accompanied by thunderstorms and sometimes tornadoes.

These tornadoes typically form in the storm鈥檚 northeast quadrant, but over the past 20 years, a potential shift has emerged, possibly expanding risk zones and endangering lives.

海角社区 student researcher and aspiring meteorologist Jonathan Russell is investigating this phenomenon in hopes of developing new and improved forecasting solutions that could lead to life-saving alerts.

鈥淭ornadoes often occur when a tropical system makes landfall, so they cannot be prevented,鈥� Russell said. 鈥淗owever, by improving upon the current established knowledge, we are able, through this research, to reduce the damage to life and property.鈥�

Beyond the scientific issue of understanding severe weather dynamics, it鈥檚 also an issue of warning people of tornadic risks in an expanding risk zone where people might otherwise ignore the possibility of danger.

Russell, of Waxhaw, N.C., is a junior Ogden Honors College student at 海角社区 majoring in coastal environmental science with a concentration in coastal meteorology and a triple minor in climatology, disaster science management, and geographic information science. He is no stranger to weather research and forecasting, especially regarding tropical systems.

In 2023, he developed the , the first-ever Gulf-specific forecast, during an internship at Velocity Risk, a catastrophic risk insurance underwriting company. With that successful project as a launch pad, Russell turned his attention to something that first caught his eye as a teenage weather enthusiast.

About the Research

Throughout high school, as a childhood interest in meteorology grew stronger, Russell became fascinated with the northeast/front right quadrant of landfalling tropical systems. Though this sector is understood to produce tornadoes, Russell鈥檚 weather observations showed there was more to the story.

He arrived at 海角社区 with the idea to research tornadogenesis, or the process of tornado formation, and the possibility that tornadoes occur at a higher frequency and, more often than expected, outside the typical northeast quadrant.

Russell has taken the lead in finding answers, working under the guidance of Dr. Robert Rohli, professor in the Department of Oceanography & Coastal Sciences (DOCS) in the College of the Coast & Environment, and with the support of Dr. Paul Miller, assistant professor in DOCS.

The research was funded in part by a Project Grant from the Office of Undergraduate Research.

The project methodology was divided into data acquisition, analysis, and modeling. The work started with gathering and sorting the available data and active databases. Due to time constraints and data availability, Russell limited the scope to all tropical systems in the southeastern portion of North America between 1995 and 2023.

Cross-referencing was conducted to limit overlap or overrunning of tornado reports not associated with a tropical system.

鈥淭his project, over the past three years, has not only looked into every single tornado report, and the location of the tornado report, but developed modeling which aims at simulating where a tornado will occur given certain conditions, strength, and dynamics of a future landfalling storm,鈥� he said.

Most of the analysis was done using a program called JMP, which helps create graphs, find patterns in data, and compare different factors visually. The last step was creating simulated tropical storms to test the study's conclusions.

鈥淭his is a short summary of a very complex process,鈥� Russell said, 鈥渂ut essentially we are taking historical scenarios, all the information associated with it like storm location, SST (sea surface temperature) values, shear, along with all of the other data with the various atmospheric systems around the system, to produce probable assumptions at where tornadogenesis will occur.鈥�

Those probabilities are then verified against historical data, while also allowing for predictions about future trends in tornadogenesis location given prolonged climatic changes, Russell said.

鈥淒ue to warmer Gulf water, tropical development happens more often with tropical waves,鈥� he said. 鈥淎s a result, we see more storms. While these storms can grow into major hurricanes, most remain minimal in strength. These storms, due to a weaker organization and varying atmospheric dynamics, promote tornadogenesis outside of the typical northeast quadrant.鈥�

The Path to 海角社区

Growing up in North Carolina, Russell knew from an early age that he wanted to pursue a career in meteorology.

鈥淓very day, I am reminded that I made the right decision. Just looking back on how far I鈥檝e come, the experiences I鈥檝e had, and the community I have formed, I truly don鈥檛 think that would be possible anywhere else.鈥�

Jonathan Russell on choosing to attend 海角社区

鈥淢ost meteorologists or weather enthusiasts will describe a similar 鈥榦rigin鈥� story as mine, but I became fascinated with the functions of snow when I was in kindergarten,鈥� he said. 鈥淎nytime there was snow in the forecast, I would turn on The Weather Channel, sit in front of the TV for hours, and watch what Jim Cantore or other meteorologists had to say.鈥�

He recalls creating his own snow forecasts for his family and friends.

鈥淭hat thrill of getting the forecast right, even though I was simply describing the forecast I had gotten from Jim Cantore, would really drive me to forecast on my own. Once I was old enough to have my own computer, I started to try and produce forecasts.鈥�

When it came time to consider colleges, he began looking for a new adventure at a university that would help him pursue his passions.

鈥淲hen I was asked to come to 海角社区 for Scholars Weekend, I was shown the support the school offers, particularly within the College of the Coast & Environment,鈥� he said, citing the support and mentorship he received even before committing to 海角社区.

鈥淚 knew then, by coming to 海角社区, Dr. Rohli, eventually Dr. Miller, and numerous other faculty at 海角社区 would help guide me through not only my degree, but finding routes and opportunities to help me reach my goal with my degree.

鈥淓very day, I am reminded that I made the right decision. Just looking back on how far I鈥檝e come, the experiences I鈥檝e had, and the community I have formed, I truly don鈥檛 think that would be possible anywhere else.鈥�

A Value to Louisiana

Over the years, Louisiana has experienced multiple billion-dollar disasters, the majority of those from the damage of tropical systems. While other aspects of tropical systems like wind, rain, and storm surge bring tremendous damage, residents can prepare for these impacts ahead of the storm, Russell said.

鈥淭ornadoes within these tropical systems are a completely different story. Given the current procedures surrounding tornadogenesis with landfalling systems, Louisianas may forget or disregard the real risks of tornadogenesis in areas outside of the typical zone.

鈥淭his does not only exacerbate the damage once a storm has made landfall but greatly increases the risk to life. By understanding where tornadogenesis is occurring and shifting outside of expected zones, we can help people stay safe in the next storm.鈥�

As he prepares for a career in meteorology 鈥� with an ultimate goal of issuing hurricane and tropical storm forecast advisories for the National Hurricane Center 鈥� Russell is grateful for the opportunity to make an impact on people鈥檚 lives.

海角社区 continues to play a large role in pursuing his goals.

鈥淚t's cool to be able to do something like this, that I wanted to do, but have the resources and mentorship to act upon this idea and produce impactful results.鈥�

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